This study reviews the topics of some famous orientalists' books, regarding Arabic literature, and evaluates the style of their literary history writing, their intellectual inclination and methods .Identifying their methodology in this field, helps us to have a better understanding of their special perspectives. Realizing the position of the" History of Arabic Literature" in orientalists' studies, their share and role they had in giving a true understanding of the history of Arabic literature is also appreciated. The most important point in this regard is the orientalists' method in classifying the periods of Arabic literature. Carl Brukelman, for example, has not only identified literary periods and named the poets, writers, and their works, but he has also examined sciences of the periods such as jurisprudence, philosophy, theology, medicine,and history of Islam. However, other orientalists like Gonzales, have only focused on research of literary works in a particular period and made their attempts to clarify the most specific literary points in a particular era.

Prose texts of Safavid haven't many literary and artistic values in comparison with previous periods. Therefore, little attention has been paid to them. However, a close look at that period shows that there are some books which deserve attentions. One of them is Khaghani's Jahangosha. This book has received little attention by the literary researchers of Safavid periods. The book explains the exact report of Shah Soltan Abbas's life and detailed descriptions of important historical events in Safavid periods. They contain techniques of telling stories very similar to Naghali by using many idioms and Divan compounds. Sentences with figurative speech are identifiable throughout two manuscripts. This article in addition to introducing the book and investigating its literary values, presents two more writings which have been written after Khaghani's Jahanghosh.

One of the most fundamental acts of historiography is to classify historical information in diachronic axis. The method of this classification or periodization shows the theoretical approach of the historian and determines the structure and the form of his history. Because of multiple criteria of analysis and various literary genres, periodization in literary history is more complicated than that of general history. We can distinguish two approaches in periodization of literary history, although these can be used together: extrinsic or social cultural approach (based on criteria extrinsic to literature) and intrinsic or formalist approach (based on criteria intrinsic to literature).Then periodization in literary history can be formulated in different methods and may be based upon various criteria: chronological such as century, decade and year, organic patterns of evolution, great poets and writers, literary emblems and evaluations of every period, events, concepts and periods of general or political history, analogy of literary history and history of ideas or history of arts, approaches and styles of language, dominant literary norms.These methods actually are used together and everyone has adequacy in special kind of literary history. In periodization of Persian contemporary literature, some methods and models current in periodization of poetry have been applied identically to periodization of prose. Periodization based upon century, decade and year is the simplest and most mechanical method but sometimes certain centuries in some countries have symbolic and stylistic meaning, and decades were used often for subdivisions of literary history, especially nowadays with fast rhythm of literary change.Periodization according to organic patterns of evolution equates the changes of literary history with the life phases of an organism, and offers an account of birth, mature and death (and sometimes re-birth) of literary genres, but this method have been under question because the rhythm of literary change always does not follow smooth and coherent patterns. Now periodization based on great writers and poets is not current but still is the favorite method of periodization in high school textbooks of Iran. Periodization based upon literary slogans and movements often is used for subdivisions of literary history. In periodization of Persian literature, this method has been used rarely.Most of stories of Persian literature derive divisions of their subject-matter from general or political history. In these cases, the periods have symbolic meaning, and describing their traits, the literary historian considers mere literary criteria. Periodization in terms of some ideas derived from history of art and thought has its supporters and further opponents. Yet some concepts like Renaissance, Baroque and Mannerism have come from history of art to literary history.Seeking literary autonomous history, some literary historians accept dominant norms a base of periodization. Yet there is some disagreement in nature of dominant norms and on the other hand, the unity ascribed to literary periods is incomplete and relative.Different methods of periodization often are used simultaneously in periodizing a literary history. This combination of methods can be seen in names of literary periods. Names of literary periods come from different origins.

In historical and literary studies, periodization is a regulative idea for classifying the literary and historical information on diachronic axis.This has been the subject of some criticism in the literary studies.This article studies the critical debates about periodization in literary history and the rethinking of the concept. We can divide these critical debates into two groups: (1) some critics call the very notion of periodization into question; and (2) others engage in rethinking and revising the concept for appropriate application in literary history.Imposition of a static framework on cultural and literary dynamics, homogenizing effect which stands in contrast with the uniqueness of literary works, mixing the histories of different literary genres, lack of conformity with reality, artificial homogeneity of the schemas of change and evolution, problems of terminology, anachronism, overlooking years and even centuries, disregarding the distance between literary production and literary reading, ignoring ethnic and gender groups, and dominance of periodization framework over critical thought are some of the problems of the current approach to periodization in literary history. Rethinking periodization should be based on new historical and literary approaches such as feminism or ethnic minorities’ studies.

According to Intertextuality Approach, there is a clear or hidden relationship among the existing various texts in literary genres of a culture all the times; however, authors’ techniques are not identical in display of such effect and the writer or poet often seems his/ her contemporaries in the competition field where it requires making efforts and tries for innovation. In hitoripgraphical tradition of classic literature, ranging from Beyhaghi’s History to writing of the Dorreh-E-Nadereh book, such effect and affection are obviously visible. Relationship among Joveini’s Jahangosha History- which could be deemed as the climax of Persian professional historiography since it thoroughly, includes style of Beyhaghi and Nasrollah Monshi - and Vassaf-Al-Hazreh Shirazi History book is something like this. Study and comparison among these two historical- literary texts illustrate authors’ homogeneous attention toward the text at that time and literature streams in the given career while expressing coincident and coexistent link among the literary texts. The present research deems it necessary to conduct descriptive- analytic study based on the given Intertextual analysis technique (Harold Bloom) i.e. Anxiety of Influence and for necessity of data mining and comparison of such texts in order to identify today prevailing streams while believing in that writing of historical texts in Ilkhanan Career is affected by competitive stream and prose- writing artificial trend at the given time and as an attempt to release from the anxiety, which caused by salient nature of contemporary or ex- writer; consequently, despite of acknowledgment to Joveini’s mastery, and lest of dominance of prose of Jahangosha History, writer of Vassaf History book has tried to show himself as innovator and founder of the given style by using creativity in application of literary terms.

This paper is aims to review the book entitled Review of History: What and Why? byBeverley Southgate. Our findings show that this book is not an original work which contains speculations of the author, but it is an elementary text book about one of the most important questions of the philosophy of history, i. e. Does history have any kind of objectivity? In a good manner, he gathered views of the former as well as the latter. Also, he shows that how the history, as a disciplines affected by other fields of humanities. Its language is simple and has a logical structure. But relativistic and subjectivist approach of the author is one of the challenging aspects of this book in Iranian philosophical atmosphere. This book is old and its subject matters are very limited.

The question discussed in this article is why "The History of Beyhaghi", basically a history book, is now studied as a literary work. To answer the question, the writers, discussing certain definitions of history and literature,argue that historical accounts cannot express the truth both because of the historians partiality and because of the nature of languageas a variable phenomenon. Although history, concerned with the truth, and literature,made of imagination,are different in nature, what brings them close to each other is the fact that they can both be interpreted. What makes "The History of Beyhaghi" a literary work, the writers argue, is its beautiful language.The writers then bring examples of the book to support this point.

Historical studies mostly use periodization to categorize historical information. Periodization divides historical information based on a chronological order. This article explores the background of ideological philosophical foundations and the role of periodization in history in general and the history of literature in particular. Periodization is an old concept, which has undergone broad changes with the passage of time. This article shows the way that periodization has been used in the history of literature. It is, therefore, necessary to discuss the relation between periodization in general history and literary history first. Literary historians use the concept of periodization in different meanings which come from different philosophical and ideological sources. Understanding these foundations is necessary for a better comprehension of structural patterns resulted from them, in this case periodization. Although great efforts have been made to distinguish between literary history and literary criticism since the beginning of the 20th century, periodization as an act that determines the structure of literary history books, is itself considered an act of criticism and has an essential role in literary studies.

Throughout the last millennium, Tarikh-e Beyhaghi as one of the most significant and popular works of Persian prose had been appreciated by those fond of Persian literature. However, the lost portions that were missed from this work are about several times as much as the one at our disposal. Despite the fact that Tarikh-e Beyhaghi was written based on the time of Mas' oud Ghaznavi, it is not merely a historical and political work, indeed; its social, cultural, and more specifically; its moral values are considerable.The present paper presents a review of the values attributed to Beyhaghi's work, as well as a report of the research project conducted on this book through collecting various papers written on the relevant subjects.

The textbook is the most important educational tool in all educational centers. It helps to achieve educational aims. That is why criticizing academic textbooks is essential, because it leads to more effective textbooks. Considering the necessity discussed, the present study intends to criticize the textbook entitled "History of Literary Criticism" (Ahmadzadeh Heravi, 2013) published by "Samat" publications for undergraduate students of English language and English literature based on one hundred features of academic books that are summarized in the ten categories. These ten categories include thematic specialization and purposefulness, theoretical strength and practical implications, citation and interdisciplinary nature, comprehensiveness and up-to-dateness, qualifications and resumes of author, writing and literary decency, content and structural coherence, compatibility with learning theories. The nature of interaction and motivational power are physical and visible characteristics. The method of this research is critical analysis. The results of the present study show that the author has not succeeded in fully observing the ten principles in her book. For this reason, the book needs to be revised to address the shortcomings in order to make it more effective.